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Statue of Christ lying in the tomb by Gregorio Fernández. (Monastery of San Joaquín y Santa Ana, Valladolid)
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Holy Saturday (Latin:
Sabbatum Sanctum), the Saturday of Holy Week, also known as
Great and Holy Saturday (also
Holy and Great Saturday), the
Great Sabbath,
Black Saturday,
Hallelujah Saturday (in Portugal and Brazil),
Glorious Saturday (in the Philippines) or
Easter Eve, and called "Joyous Saturday" or "the Saturday of Light" among Coptic Christians, is the day after Good Friday. It is the day before Easter and the last day of Holy Week in which Christians prepare for Easter. It commemorates the day that Jesus Christ's body lay in the tomb and the
Harrowing of Hell.
Terminology
Eastern traditions
In Eastern Orthodoxy this day, known as
Holy and Great Saturday, is also called
The Great Sabbath since it is on this day that Christ "rested" physically in the tomb. But it is also believed that it was on this day he performed in spirit the
Harrowing of Hell and raised up to
Paradise, having liberated those who had been held captive. In the Coptic, Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Churches, this day is known as
Joyous Saturday, otherwise known as the night of light and joy
Western traditions
In Western traditions, the day is usually called
Holy Saturday, although in the Moravian Church, the day is referred to as the
Great Sabbath and in the Anglican Communion, the
Book of Common Prayer refers to the day as
Easter Even. Although the term Easter Saturday is usually applied to the Saturday in Easter week, in English-speaking countries it is sometimes applied to Holy Saturday, including in legislation in the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland, and by Australian government agencies. In the Catholic tradition, the Blessed Virgin Mary as Our Lady of Sorrows is on this day assigned the title
Our Lady of Solitude, referring to her solace and grief at the death of her son.
Religious and cultural practices
Eastern traditions
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The icon of Holy and Great Saturday, portraying the Harrowing of Hades
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Matins of Holy and Great Saturday (in parishes usually held on Friday evening) takes the form of a funeral service for Christ. The entire service takes place around the
Epitaphios, an icon in the form of a cloth embroidered with the image of Christ prepared for burial. The first part of the service consists of chanting Psalm 118, as usual at both Saturday matins and at funerals, but interspersed with hymns (
enkomia or
lamentations) between the verses. The predominant theme of the service is not so much one of mourning, but of watchful expectation:
Today Thou dost keep holy the seventh day,
Which Thou has blessed of old by resting from Thy works.
Thou bringest all things into being and Thou makest all things new,
Observing the Sabbath rest, my Saviour, and restoring strength.
Near the end of matins, at the end of the
Great Doxology, the
Epitaphios is taken up and carried in procession around the outside of the church, while the
Trisagion is sung, as is done when carrying the body to the cemetery in an Orthodox burial.
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Divine Liturgy of Holy Saturday in a Greek Orthodox church in the United States
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On Saturday, a vesperal Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great is celebrated, called the
First Resurrection Service named so because chronologically it was composed earlier than the Paschal Canon by St John Damascene, rather than because it occurs earlier liturgically. This is the longest Divine Liturgy of the entire year and is performed later than on any other day of the year, "at the tenth hour of the day". After the "Little Entrance" there are 15 Old Testament readings that recall the history of salvation. In the Russian tradition, just before the Gospel reading (Matthew 28:1–20) the hangings, altar cloths and vestments are changed from dark to bright and the deacon performs a censing of the church. In the Greek tradition, the clergy strew laurel leaves and flower petals all over the church to symbolize the shattered gates and broken chains of hell and Jesus' victory over death. While the liturgical atmosphere changes from sorrow to joy at this service, the faithful continue to fast and the Paschal greeting, "Christ is risen!", is not exchanged until after midnight during the Paschal Vigil since this service represents the proclamation of Jesus' victory over death to those in Hades, but the Resurrection has not yet been announced to those on earth which takes place during the Paschal Vigil.
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Beginning of the epitaphios procession at Great Saturday Matins
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Great Lent was originally the period of
catechesis for new converts in order to prepare them for baptism and chrismation and when there are converts received, that occurs during the Old testament readings during the vesperal divine liturgy. Before the midnight service, the faithful gather in church for the reading of the
Acts of the Apostles in its entirety. Preceding midnight the Paschal Vigil begins with the Midnight Office, during which the Canon of Holy Saturday is repeated, toward the end of which the epitaphios is removed from the center of the church and placed on the altar table where it remains until the Ascension. Then, all of the candles and lights in the church are extinguished, and all wait in darkness and silence for the proclamation of the Resurrection of Christ.
Prior to the composition of the current Paschal Vigil of St. John of Damascus, this day's vesperal liturgy was the main Easter celebration.
Western traditions
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Benedictine monks singing Vespers on Holy Saturday
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The chancel of a Lutheran church on Holy Saturday is adorned with black paraments, as black is the liturgical colour of this day in the Lutheran Churches.
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In the Roman Catholic Church, the altar remains stripped completely bare (following the Mass on Maundy Thursday). The celebration of the Sacraments is extremely limited: Holy Communion is given only as Viaticum to the dying; while Penance, Anointing of the Sick and baptism may be administered because they, like Viaticum, are helpful to ensuring salvation for the dying. The day is the second day of the Paschal fast as outlined in Sacrosanctum Concilium, Article 110.
Many of the churches of the Anglican Communion as well as Lutheran,
Methodist, and some other Churches observe most of the same customs of the Catholic Church; however, their altars may be covered in black instead of being stripped. In some Anglican churches, including the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, provision is made for a simple Liturgy of the Word on this day, with readings commemorating the burial of Christ. Daily Offices are still observed. In the Moravian Church, the day is known as Great Sabbath.The Anglican Book of Common Prayer uses Easter Even to designate the day.
In the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and
Methodist traditions, Holy Saturday lasts until nightfall, after which the
Easter Vigil is celebrated, marking the official start of the Easter season. The rubrics state that the Easter Vigil must take place in the night; it must begin after nightfall and end before dawn. The service may start with a fire and the lighting of the new Paschal candle. In Roman Catholic and some Anglican observance, the Mass is the first Mass since that of Maundy Thursday, and during it, the "Gloria" — which has been absent during Lent — is used as the statues and icons, covered with purple veils during Passiontide, are dramatically unveiled. Some Anglican churches prefer to celebrate Easter and the lighting of the new Paschal candle at dawn on Easter Day. Baptisms may take place in this service and Baptismal vows are often renewed.
In the predominantly Roman Catholic Philippines, the day is legally and colloquially known in English as
Black Saturday, given the colour's role in mourning. Traditional taboos from the previous day are carried over and are sometimes broken; swimming is allowed in the afternoon. Most commercial establishments resume operations, with smaller enterprises remaining closed until Easter. Television and radio stations broadcast on shorter hours with special programming or remain off-air. In predominantly Roman Catholic Poland,
Swieconka (meaning "
the blessing of the Easter baskets"), on Holy Saturday, is one of the most enduring and beloved traditions.